Sacra Latina

Douay-Rheims & Vulgata Clementina

Sacra Latina
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Douay-Rheims
Vulgata

1 Objection 1: It seems that an actually infinite multitude is possible. For it is not impossible for a potentiality to be made actual. But number can be multiplied to infinity. Therefore it is possible for an infinite multitude actually to exist.

1 Ad quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod possibile sit esse multitudinem infinitam secundum actum. Non enim est impossibile id quod est in potentia reduci ad actum. Sed numerus est in infinitum multiplicabilis. Ergo non est impossibile esse multitudinem infinitam in actu.

2 Objection 2: Further, it is possible for any individual of any species to be made actual. But the species of figures are infinite. Therefore an infinite number of actual figures is possible.

2 Praeterea, cuiuslibet speciei possibile est esse aliquod individuum in actu. Sed species figurae sunt infinitae. Ergo possibile est esse infinitas figuras in actu.

3 Objection 3: Further, things not opposed to each other do not obstruct each other. But supposing a multitude of things to exist, there can still be many others not opposed to them. Therefore it is not impossible for others also to coexist with them, and so on to infinitude; therefore an actual infinite number of things is possible.

3 Praeterea, ea quae non opponuntur ad invicem, non impediunt se invicem. Sed, posita aliqua multitudine rerum, adhuc possunt fieri alia multa quae eis non opponuntur, ergo non est impossibile aliqua iterum simul esse cum eis, et sic in infinitum. Ergo possibile est esse infinita in actu.

4 On the contrary, It is written, Thou hast ordered all things in measure, and number, and weight Wis. 11, 21).

4 Sed contra est quod dicitur Sap. XI, omnia in pondere, numero et mensura disposuisti.

5 I answer that, A twofold opinion exists on this subject. Some, as Avicenna and Algazel, said that it was impossible for an actually infinite multitude to exist absolutely; but that an accidentally infinite multitude was not impossible. A multitude is said to be infinite absolutely, when an infinite multitude is necessary that something may exist. Now this is impossible; because it would entail something dependent on an infinity for its existence; and hence its generation could never come to be, because it is impossible to pass through an infinite medium.

A multitude is said to be accidentally infinite when its existence as such is not necessary, but accidental. This can be shown, for example, in the work of a carpenter requiring a certain absolute multitude; namely, art in the soul, the movement of the hand, and a hammer; and supposing that such things were infinitely multiplied, the carpentering work would never be finished, forasmuch as it would depend on an infinite number of causes. But the multitude of hammers, inasmuch as one may be broken and another used, is an accidental multitude; for it happens by accident that many hammers are used, and it matters little whether one or two, or many are used, or an infinite number, if the work is carried on for an infinite time.

In this way they said that there can be an accidentally infinite multitude. This, however, is impossible; since every kind of multitude must belong to a species of multitude. Now the species of multitude are to be reckoned by the species of numbers. But no species of number is infinite; for every number is multitude measured by one. Hence it is impossible for there to be an actually infinite multitude, either absolute or accidental. Likewise multitude in nature is created; and everything created is comprehended under some clear intention of the Creator; for no agent acts aimlessly.

Hence everything created must be comprehended in a certain number. Therefore it is impossible for an actually infinite multitude to exist, even accidentally. But a potentially infinite multitude is possible; because the increase of multitude follows upon the division of magnitude; since the more a thing is divided, the greater number of things result. Hence, as the infinite is to be found potentially in the division of the continuous, because we thus approach matter, as was shown in the preceding article, by the same rule, the infinite can be also found potentially in the addition of multitude.

5 Respondeo dicendum quod circa hoc fuit duplex opinio. Quidam enim, sicut Avicenna et Algazel, dixerunt quod impossibile est esse multitudinem actu infinitam per se, sed infinitam per accidens multitudinem esse, non est impossibile. Dicitur enim multitudo esse infinita per se, quando requiritur ad aliquid ut multitudo infinita sit. Et hoc est impossibile esse, quia sic oporteret quod aliquid dependeret ex infinitis; unde eius generatio nunquam compleretur, cum non sit infinita pertransire. Per accidens autem dicitur multitudo infinita, quando non requiritur ad aliquid infinitas multitudinis, sed accidit ita esse.

Et hoc sic manifestari potest in operatione fabri, ad quam quaedam multitudo requiritur per se, scilicet quod sit ars in anima, et manus movens, et martellus. Et si haec in infinitum multiplicarentur, nunquam opus fabrile compleretur, quia dependeret ex infinitis causis. Sed multitudo martellorum quae accidit ex hoc quod unum frangitur et accipitur aliud, est multitudo per accidens, accidit enim quod multis martellis operetur; et nihil differt utrum uno vel duobus vel pluribus operetur, vel infinitis, si infinito tempore operaretur.

Per hunc igitur modum, posuerunt quod possibile est esse actu multitudinem infinitam per accidens. Sed hoc est impossibile. Quia omnem multitudinem oportet esse in aliqua specie multitudinis. Species autem multitudinis sunt secundum species numerorum. Nulla autem species numeri est infinita, quia quilibet numerus est multitudo mensurata per unum. Unde impossibile est esse multitudinem infinitam actu, sive per se, sive per accidens. Item, multitudo in rerum natura existens est creata, et omne creatum sub aliqua certa intentione creantis comprehenditur, non enim in vanum agens aliquod operatur.

Unde necesse est quod sub certo numero omnia creata comprehendantur. Impossibile est ergo esse multitudinem infinitam in actu, etiam per accidens. Sed esse multitudinem infinitam in potentia, possibile est. Quia augmentum multitudinis consequitur divisionem magnitudinis, quanto enim aliquid plus dividitur, tanto plura secundum numerum resultant. Unde, sicut infinitum invenitur in potentia in divisione continui, quia proceditur ad materiam, ut supra ostensum est; eadem ratione etiam infinitum invenitur in potentia in additione multitudinis.

6 Reply to Objection 1: Every potentiality is made actual according to its mode of being; for instance, a day is reduced to act successively, and not all at once. Likewise the infinite in multitude is reduced to act successively, and not all at once; because every multitude can be succeeded by another multitude to infinity.

6 Ad primum ergo dicendum quod unumquodque quod est in potentia, reducitur in actum secundum modum sui esse, dies enim non reducitur in actum ut sit tota simul, sed successive. Et similiter infinitum multitudinis non reducitur in actum ut sit totum simul, sed successive, quia post quamlibet multitudinem, potest sumi alia multitudo in infinitum.

7 Reply to Objection 2: Species of figures are infinite by infinitude of number. Now there are various species of figures, such as trilateral, quadrilateral and so on; and as an infinitely numerable multitude is not all at once reduced to act, so neither is the multitude of figures.

7 Ad secundum dicendum quod species figurarum habent infinitatem ex infinitate numeri, sunt enim species figurarum, trilaterum, quadrilaterum, et sic inde. Unde, sicut multitudo infinita numerabilis non reducitur in actum quod sit tota simul, ita nec multitudo figurarum.

8 Reply to Objection 3: Although the supposition of some things does not preclude the supposition of others, still the supposition of an infinite number is opposed to any single species of multitude. Hence it is not possible for an actually infinite multitude to exist.

8 Ad tertium dicendum quod, licet, quibusdam positis, alia poni non sit eis oppositum; tamen infinita poni opponitur cuilibet speciei multitudinis. Unde non est possibile esse aliquam multitudinem actu infinitam.

Word list
I q. 7 a. 4: Whether an infinite multitude can exist? · 158 unique words
Study these words
Nouns (35)
Avicenna, Avicennae m · 1st
Avicenna
anima, animae f · 1st
soul
causa, causae f · 1st
cause, reason
figura, figurae f · 1st
shape, form ×5
materia, materiae f · 1st
matter, material
mensura, mensurae f · 1st
measure
natura, naturae f · 1st
nature
potentia, potentiae f · 1st
force, power ×5
sapientia, sapientiae f · 1st
wisdom
faber, fabrī m · 2nd
workman, artisan
martellus, martellī m · 2nd
hammer ×3
modus, modī m · 2nd
manner, mode ×2
numerus, numerī m · 2nd
number, sum, total, rank ×8
augmentum, augmentī n · 2nd
increase, waxing
Algazel, algazelis m · 3rd
Algazel
additio, additionis f · 3rd
addition
ars, artis f · 3rd · i-stem
skill, craft, art
divisio, divisiōnis f · 3rd
division ×2
generatio, generatiōnis f · 3rd
generation, action
infinitas, infinitatis f · 3rd
infinity ×3
intentio, intentionis f · 3rd
intention, purpose
magnitudo, magnitūdinis f · 3rd
size, magnitude
multitudo, multitūdinis f · 3rd
multitude ×30
operatio, operatiōnis f · 3rd
operation
opinio, opiniōnis f · 3rd
belief, idea
ratio, ratiōnis f · 3rd
reason, account
accidens, accidentis n · 3rd
accident, a non-essential property ×6
opus, operis n · 3rd
need
pondus, ponderis n · 3rd
weight, burden
tempus, temporis n · 3rd
time, season
actus, actūs m · 4th
act, deed ×15
manus, manūs f · 4th
hand, fist
dies, diēī m · 5th
day
res, reī f · 5th
res ×2
species, speciēī f · 5th
sight, appearance ×9
Verbs (38)
creō, creāre, creāvī, creātum 1st conj
create ×4
manifestō, manifestāre, manifestāvī, manifestātum 1st conj
make visible, clearer, evident, plain
mensuro 1st conj
to measure
multiplicō, multiplicāre, multiplicāvī, multiplicātum 1st conj
multiply
operor, operārī, operātus sum 1st conj
work, labor ×4
resulto 1st conj
spring back, result
compleō, complēre, complēvī, completum 2nd conj
fill ×2
dependeo 2nd conj
hang from, depend on ×2
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum 2nd conj
have, hold
licet, licēre, licuit, licitum 2nd conj
it is allowed, is lawful
moveō, movēre, movī, motum 2nd conj
move, stir
oportet, oportēre, oportuit 2nd conj
it is necessary, it behooves ×2
respondeō, respondēre, respondī, responsum 2nd conj
answer
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum 2nd conj
see
accidō, accidere, accidī 3rd conj
fall upon ×3
accipiō, accipere, accepī, acceptum 3rd conj
take, grasp
agō, agere, ēgī, āctum 3rd conj
do, drive, deal
comprehendō, comprehendere, comprehendī, comprehensum 3rd conj
catch ×2
consequor, consequī, consecūtus sum 3rd conj
obtain, attain
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum 3rd conj
say, speak ×8
disponō, disponere, disposuī, dispositum 3rd conj
dispose, place here and there
dividō, dividere, divisī, divisum 3rd conj
divide
existō, existere, existitī, existitum 3rd conj
step forth, appear
frangō, frangere, fregī, fractum 3rd conj
break, shatter
oppono 3rd conj
set against, oppose ×4
ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentum 3rd conj
show
ponō, ponere, posuī, positum 3rd conj
put, place, set ×5
procedō, procedere, processī, processum 3rd conj
proceed ×2
reducō, reducere, reduxī, reductum 3rd conj
lead back, bring back ×5
requirō, requirere, requisīvī, requisitum 3rd conj
require, seek ×3
sumō, sumere, sumpsī, sumptum 3rd conj
take up
impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītum 4th conj
hinder, impede
inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum 4th conj
come upon ×2
differō, differre, distulī, dīlātum irreg
postpone, delay, differ
fīō, fierī, factus sum irreg
happen, come about
pertranseō, pertransīre, pertransiī, pertransitum irreg
pass right through
possum, posse, potuī irreg
be able, can ×3
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus irreg
be ×55
Adjectives (25)
nūllus, -a, -um (gen. nūllīus) 1st
no
tertius, -a, -um 1st
third
tōtus, -a, -um (gen. tōtīus) 1st
whole, all ×3
alius, alia, aliud (gen. usually alterīus) 2nd
other, another ×4
certus, -a, -um 2nd
fixed, settled ×2
continuus, -a, -um 2nd
incessant
individuus, -a, -um 2nd
individual, undivided
infinitus, -a, -um 2nd
infinite, boundless ×30
multus, -a, -um 2nd
much, many ×4
primus, -a, -um 2nd
first, foremost, best
quadrilaterus, -a, -um 1st/2nd
quadrilateral
quantus, -a, -um 2nd
how great
secundus, -a, -um 2nd
next, following
trilaterus, -a, -um 1st/2nd
trilateral
ūnus, -a, -um (gen. ūnīus) 2nd
one ×3
vānus, -a, -um 2nd
vain, empty
duplex 3rd
twofold, double
fabrilis, -e 3rd
of a smith or craftsman
impossibilis, -e 3rd
impossible ×9
multiplicabilis, -e 3rd
able to be multiplied
necesse 3rd
necessary, essential
numerabilis, -e 3rd
numerable
omnis, -e 3rd
all, every ×4
plus, gen. pluris 3rd
more
possibilis, -e 3rd
possible ×7
Pronouns (11)
is, ea, id
he, she, it; this, that ×6
quī, quae, quod
who, which ×6
hic, haec, hoc
this, this one; (adv.) here ×7
īdem, eadem, idem
the same
suī, sibi, sē
of himself, herself, itself ×6
ūnusquisque, ūnaquaeque, ūnumquodque
each one, every one
aliquī, aliqua, aliquod
anyone, anybody, anything ×5
aliquis, aliqua, aliquid
anyone, anybody, anything ×6
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam
a certain one, someone ×3
quīlibet, quaelibet, quodlibet
any (you please), whatever ×4
nihil (indēcl.)
nothing
Indeclinables & other (49)
ad + acc
to, toward ×10
circa + acc
around, on bounds of
contra + acc
against, facing
cum + abl
with
ex + abl
out of, from ×4
in + abl
in, into, on ×26
per + acc
through ×12
post + acc
behind, after
secundum + acc
according to ×4
sub + abl
under, beneath ×2
supra + acc
above, beyond
adhuc adv
thus far, till now
inde adv
thence, thenceforth
invicem adv
in turn ×2
ita adv
thus, so ×2
item adv
likewise
iterum adv
again
non adv
not ×15
nunquam adv
never ×2
praeterea adv
besides, furthermore ×2
quando adv
when, at what time ×2
scilicet adv
namely, that is to say
sic adv
so, thus ×5
similiter adv
similarly
simul adv
at same time ×4
successive adv
successively, one after another ×2
tantum adv
so much, so far
unde adv
from where, whence ×6
autem conj
but, however ×3
cum conj
when, since
enim conj
namely ×8
ergo conj
therefore ×6
et conj
and ×13
etiam conj
and also, besides, furthermore ×2
igitur conj
therefore, so, then
nec conj
nor, and..not
quia conj
because, for ×7
quod conj
because, as far as ×14
sed conj
but ×11
si conj
if, if only ×2
sicut conj
as, just as ×3
sive conj
or if ×2
tamen conj
yet, nevertheless
ut conj
that, so that; as ×4
utrum conj
whether
vel conj
or ×3
duo, duae, duo num
two
quārtus, -a, -um num
four
undecim num
eleven