Sacra Latina

Douay-Rheims & Vulgata Clementina

Sacra Latina
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Douay-Rheims
Vulgata

1 Objection 1: It would seem that the more universal is not first in our intellectual cognition. For what is first and more known in its own nature, is secondarily and less known in relation to ourselves. But universals come first as regards their nature, because that is first which does not involve the existence of its correlative Categor. ix). Therefore the universals are secondarily known as regards our intellect.

1 Ad tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod magis universalia non sint priora in nostra cognitione intellectuali. Quia ea quae sunt priora et notiora secundum naturam, sunt posteriora et minus nota secundum nos. Sed universalia sunt priora secundum naturam, quia prius est a quo non convertitur subsistendi consequentia. Ergo universalia sunt posteriora in cognitione nostri intellectus.

2 Objection 2: Further, the composition precedes the simple in relation to us. But universals are the more simple. Therefore they are known secondarily by us.

2 Praeterea, composita sunt priora quoad nos quam simplicia. Sed universalia sunt simpliciora. Ergo sunt posterius nota quoad nos.

3 Objection 3: Further, the Philosopher says Phys. i, 1), that the object defined comes in our knowledge before the parts of its definition. But the more universal is part of the definition of the less universal, as animal is part of the definition of man. Therefore the universals are secondarily known by us.

3 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in I Physic. quod definitum prius cadit in cognitione nostra quam partes definitionis. Sed universaliora sunt partes definitionis minus universalium, sicut animal est pars definitionis hominis. Ergo universalia sunt posterius nota quoad nos.

4 Objection 4: Further, we know causes and principles by their effects. But universals are principles. Therefore universals are secondarily known by us.

4 Praeterea, per effectus devenimus in causas et principia. Sed universalia sunt quaedam principia. Ergo universalia sunt posterius nota quoad nos.

5 On the contrary, We must proceed from the universal to the singular and individual Phys. i, 1)

5 Sed contra est quod dicitur in I Physic., quod ex universalibus in singularia oportet devenire.

6 I answer that, In our knowledge there are two things to be considered. First, that intellectual knowledge in some degree arises from sensible knowledge: and, because sense has singular and individual things for its object, and intellect has the universal for its object, it follows that our knowledge of the former comes before our knowledge of the latter. Secondly, we must consider that our intellect proceeds from a state of potentiality to a state of actuality; and every power thus proceeding from potentiality to actuality comes first to an incomplete act, which is the medium between potentiality and actuality, before accomplishing the perfect act.

The perfect act of the intellect is complete knowledge, when the object is distinctly and determinately known; whereas the incomplete act is imperfect knowledge, when the object is known indistinctly, and as it were confusedly. A thing thus imperfectly known, is known partly in act and partly in potentiality, and hence the Philosopher says Phys. i, 1), that what is manifest and certain is known to us at first confusedly; afterwards we know it by distinguishing its principles and elements.

Now it is evident that to know an object that comprises many things, without proper knowledge of each thing contained in it, is to know that thing confusedly. In this way we can have knowledge not only of the universal whole, which contains parts potentially, but also of the integral whole; for each whole can be known confusedly, without its parts being known. But to know distinctly what is contained in the universal whole is to know the less common, as to animal indistinctly is to know it as animal; whereas to know animal distinctly is know it as rational or irrational animal, that is, to know a man or a lion: therefore our intellect knows animal before it knows man; and the same reason holds in comparing any more universal idea with the less universal.

Moreover, as sense, like the intellect, proceeds from potentiality to act, the same order of knowledge appears in the senses. For by sense we judge of the more common before the less common, in reference both to place and time; in reference to place, when a thing is seen afar off it is seen to be a body before it is seen to be an animal; and to be an animal before it is seen to be a man, and to be a man before it seen to be Socrates or Plato; and the same is true as regards time, for a child can distinguish man from not man before he distinguishes this man from that, and therefore children at first call men fathers, and later on distinguish each one from the others Phys.

i, 1). The reason of this is clear: because he who knows a thing indistinctly is in a state of potentiality as regards its principle of distinction; as he who knows genus is in a state of potentiality as regards difference. Thus it is evident that indistinct knowledge is midway between potentiality and act. We must therefore conclude that knowledge of the singular and individual is prior, as regards us, to the knowledge of the universal; as sensible knowledge is prior to intellectual knowledge. But in both sense and intellect the knowledge of the more common precedes the knowledge of the less common.

6 Respondeo dicendum quod in cognitione nostri intellectus duo oportet considerare. Primo quidem, quod cognitio intellectiva aliquo modo a sensitiva primordium sumit. Et quia sensus est singularium, intellectus autem universalium; necesse est quod cognitio singularium, quoad nos, prior sit quam universalium cognitio. Secundo oportet considerare quod intellectus noster de potentia in actum procedit. Omne autem quod procedit de potentia in actum, prius pervenit ad actum incompletum, qui est medius inter potentiam et actum, quam ad actum perfectum. Actus autem perfectus ad quem pervenit intellectus, est scientia completa, per quam distincte et determinate res cognoscuntur.

Actus autem incompletus est scientia imperfecta, per quam sciuntur res indistincte sub quadam confusione, quod enim sic cognoscitur, secundum quid cognoscitur in actu, et quodammodo in potentia. Unde philosophus dicit, in I Physic., quod sunt primo nobis manifesta et certa confusa magis; posterius autem cognoscimus distinguendo distincte principia et elementa. Manifestum est autem quod cognoscere aliquid in quo plura continentur, sine hoc quod habeatur propria notitia uniuscuiusque eorum quae continentur in illo, est cognoscere aliquid sub confusione quadam. Sic autem potest cognosci tam totum universale, in quo partes continentur in potentia, quam etiam totum integrale, utrumque enim totum potest cognosci in quadam confusione, sine hoc quod partes distincte cognoscantur.

Cognoscere autem distincte id quod continetur in toto universali, est habere cognitionem de re minus communi. Sicut cognoscere animal indistincte, est cognoscere animal inquantum est animal, cognoscere autem animal distincte, est cognoscere animal inquantum est animal rationale vel irrationale, quod est cognoscere hominem vel leonem. Prius igitur occurrit intellectui nostro cognoscere animal quam cognoscere hominem, et eadem ratio est si comparemus quodcumque magis universale ad minus universale. Et quia sensus exit de potentia in actum sicut et intellectus, idem etiam ordo cognitionis apparet in sensu.

Nam prius secundum sensum diiudicamus magis commune quam minus commune, et secundum locum et secundum tempus. Secundum locum quidem, sicut, cum aliquid videtur a remotis, prius deprehenditur esse corpus, quam deprehendatur esse animal; et prius deprehenditur esse animal, quam deprehendatur esse homo; et prius homo, quam Socrates vel Plato. Secundum tempus autem, quia puer a principio prius distinguit hominem a non homine, quam distinguat hunc hominem ab alio homine; et ideo pueri a principio appellant omnes viros patres, posterius autem determinant unumquemque, ut dicitur in I Physic.

Et huius ratio manifesta est. Quia qui scit aliquid indistincte, adhuc est in potentia ut sciat distinctionis principium; sicut qui scit genus, est in potentia ut sciat differentiam. Et sic patet quod cognitio indistincta media est inter potentiam et actum. Est ergo dicendum quod cognitio singularium est prior quoad nos quam cognitio universalium, sicut cognitio sensitiva quam cognitio intellectiva. Sed tam secundum sensum quam secundum intellectum, cognitio magis communis est prior quam cognitio minus communis.

7 Reply to Objection 1: The universal can be considered in two ways. First, the universal nature may be considered together with the intention of universality. And since the intention of universality, viz. the relation of one and the same to many, is due to intellectual abstraction, the universal thus considered is a secondary consideration. Hence it is said De Anima i, 1) that the universal animal is either nothing or something secondary. But according to Plato, who held that universals are subsistent, the universal considered thus would be prior to the particular, for the latter, according to him, are mere participations of the subsistent universals which he called ideas.

Secondly, the universal can be considered in the nature itself, for instance, animality or humanity as existing in the individual. And thus we must distinguish two orders of nature: one, by way of generation and time; and thus the imperfect and the potential come first. In this way the more common comes first in the order of nature; as appears clearly in the generation of man and animal; for the animal is generated before man, as the Philosopher says De Gener.

Animal ii, 3). The other order is the order of perfection or of the intention of nature: for instance, act considered absolutely is naturally prior to potentiality, and the perfect to the imperfect: thus the less common comes naturally before the more common; as man comes before animal. For the intention of nature does not stop at the generation of animal but goes on to the generation of man.

7 Ad primum ergo dicendum quod universale dupliciter potest considerari. Uno modo, secundum quod natura universalis consideratur simul cum intentione universalitatis. Et cum intentio universalitatis, ut scilicet unum et idem habeat habitudinem ad multa, proveniat ex abstractione intellectus, oportet quod secundum hunc modum universale sit posterius. Unde in I de anima dicitur quod animal universale aut nihil est, aut posterius est. Sed secundum Platonem, qui posuit universalia subsistentia, secundum hanc considerationem universale esset prius quam particularia, quae secundum eum non sunt nisi per participationem universalium subsistentium, quae dicuntur ideae. Alio modo potest considerari quantum ad ipsam naturam, scilicet animalitatis vel humanitatis, prout invenitur in particularibus. Et sic dicendum est quod duplex est ordo naturae. Unus secundum viam generationis et temporis, secundum quam viam, ea quae sunt imperfecta et in potentia, sunt priora. Et hoc modo magis commune est prius secundum naturam, quod apparet manifeste in generatione hominis et animalis; nam prius generatur animal quam homo, ut dicitur in libro de Generat. Animal. Alius est ordo perfectionis, sive intentionis naturae; sicut actus simpliciter est prius secundum naturam quam potentia, et perfectum prius quam imperfectum. Et per hunc modum, minus commune est prius secundum naturam quam magis commune, ut homo quam animal, naturae enim intentio non sistit in generatione animalis, sed intendit generare hominem.

8 Reply to Objection 2: The more common universal may be compared to the less common, as the whole, and as the part. As the whole, considering that in the more universal is potentially contained not only the less universal, but also other things, as in animal is contained not only man but also horse. As part, considering that the less common contains in its idea not only the more common, but also more; as man contains not only animal but also rational. Therefore animal in itself comes into our knowledge before man; but man comes before animal considered as part of the same idea.

8 Ad secundum dicendum quod universale magis commune comparatur ad minus commune ut totum et ut pars. Ut totum quidem, secundum quod in magis universali non solum continetur in potentia minus universale, sed etiam alia; ut sub animali non solum homo, sed etiam equus. Ut pars autem, secundum quod minus commune continet in sui ratione non solum magis commune, sed etiam alia; ut homo non solum animal, sed etiam rationale. Sic igitur animal consideratum in se, prius est in nostra cognitione quam homo; sed homo est prius in nostra cognitione quam quod animal sit pars rationis eius.

9 Reply to Objection 3: A part can be known in two ways. First, absolutely considered in itself; and thus nothing prevents the parts being known before the whole, as stones are known before a house is known. Secondly as belonging to a certain whole; and thus we must needs know the whole before its parts. For we know a house vaguely before we know its different parts. So likewise principles of definition are known before the thing defined is known; otherwise the thing defined would not be known at all. But as parts of the definition they are known after. For we know man vaguely as man before we know how to distinguish all that belongs to human nature.

9 Ad tertium dicendum quod pars aliqua dupliciter potest cognosci. Uno modo absolute, secundum quod in se est, et sic nihil prohibet prius cognoscere partes quam totum, ut lapides quam domum. Alio modo, secundum quod sunt partes huius totius, et sic necesse est quod prius cognoscamus totum quam partes; prius enim cognoscimus domum quadam confusa cognitione, quam distinguamus singulas partes eius. Sic igitur dicendum est quod definientia, absolute considerata, sunt prius nota quam definitum, alioquin non notificaretur definitum per ea. Sed secundum quod sunt partes definitionis, sic sunt posterius nota, prius enim cognoscimus hominem quadam confusa cognitione, quam sciamus distinguere omnia quae sunt de hominis ratione.

10 Reply to Objection 4: The universal, as understood with the intention of universality, is, indeed, in a way, a principle of knowledge, in so far as the intention of universality results from the mode of understanding by way of abstraction. But what is a principle of knowledge is not of necessity a principle of existence, as Plato thought: since at times we know a cause through its effect, and substance through accidents. Wherefore the universal thus considered, according to the opinion of Aristotle, is neither a principle of existence, nor a substance, as he makes clear Metaph.

vii, Did. vi, 13). But if we consider the generic or specific nature itself as existing in the singular, thus in a way it is in the nature of a formal principle in regard to the singulars: for the singular is the result of matter, while the idea of species is from the form. But the generic nature is compared to the specific nature rather after the fashion of a material principle, because the generic nature is taken from that which is material in a thing, while the idea of species is taken from that which is formal: thus the notion of animal is taken from the sensitive part, whereas the notion of man is taken from the intellectual part.

Thus it is that the ultimate intention of nature is to the species and not to the individual, or the genus: because the form is the end of generation, while matter is for the sake of the form. Neither is it necessary that, as regards us, knowledge of any cause or principle should be secondary: since at times through sensible causes we become acquainted with unknown effects, and sometimes conversely.

10 Ad quartum dicendum quod universale, secundum quod accipitur cum intentione universalitatis, est quidem quodammodo principium cognoscendi, prout intentio universalitatis consequitur modum intelligendi qui est per abstractionem. Non autem est necesse quod omne quod est principium cognoscendi, sit principium essendi, ut Plato existimavit, cum quandoque cognoscamus causam per effectum, et substantiam per accidentia. Unde universale sic acceptum, secundum sententiam Aristotelis, non est principium essendi, neque substantia, ut patet in VII Metaphys. Si autem consideremus ipsam naturam generis et speciei prout est in singularibus, sic quodammodo habet rationem principii formalis respectu singularium, nam singulare est propter materiam, ratio autem speciei sumitur ex forma. Sed natura generis comparatur ad naturam speciei magis per modum materialis principii, quia natura generis sumitur ab eo quod est materiale in re, ratio vero speciei ab eo quod est formale; sicut ratio animalis a sensitivo, ratio vero hominis ab intellectivo. Et inde est quod ultima naturae intentio est ad speciem, non autem ad individuum, neque ad genus, quia forma est finis generationis, materia vero est propter formam. Non autem oportet quod cuiuslibet causae vel principii cognitio sit posterior quoad nos, cum quandoque cognoscamus per causas sensibiles, effectus ignotos; quandoque autem e converso.

Word list
I q. 85 a. 3: Whether the more universal is first in our intellectual cognition? · 233 unique words
Study these words
Nouns (63)
anima, animae f · 1st
soul
causa, causae f · 1st
cause, reason ×4
differentia, differentiae f · 1st
difference, distinction
forma, formae f · 1st
form, figure ×3
idea, ideae f · 1st
idea, form
materia, materiae f · 1st
matter, material ×2
metaphysica, metaphysicae f · 1st
the Metaphysics
natura, naturae f · 1st
nature ×15
notitia, notitiae f · 1st
notice
physica, physicae f · 1st
the Physics ×4
potentia, potentiae f · 1st
force, power ×12
scientia, scientiae f · 1st
knowledge, science ×2
sententia, sententiae f · 1st
opinion, feeling
substantia, substantiae f · 1st
nature ×2
via, viae f · 1st
way, road ×2
equus, equī m · 2nd
horse
liber, librī m · 2nd
book
locus, locī m · 2nd
seat, rank ×2
modus, modī m · 2nd
manner, mode ×10
philosophus, philosophī m · 2nd
philosopher ×2
puer, puerī m · 2nd
boy, lad ×2
vir, virī m · 2nd
man
elementum, elementī n · 2nd
element, origin
primordium, primordiī n · 2nd
a beginning, origin
principium, principiī n · 2nd
beginning ×13
Aristoteles, aristotelis m · 3rd
Aristotle
finis, fīnis m · 3rd · i-stem
end, boundary
homo, hominis m · 3rd
man, human being ×20
lapis, lapidis m · 3rd
stone
leo, leonis m · 3rd
lion
ordo, ordinis m · 3rd
row, order, rank ×3
pater, patris m · 3rd
father
plato, platonis m · 3rd
Plato ×3
socrates, socratis m · 3rd
Socrates
abstractio, abstractionis f · 3rd
abstraction ×2
animalitas, animalitatis f · 3rd
animality, the nature of an animal
cognitio, cognitiōnis f · 3rd
examination, inquiry, investigation ×21
confusio, confusiōnis f · 3rd
mingling, mixture, union ×3
consideratio, considerationis f · 3rd
consideration
definitio, definitionis f · 3rd
definition ×4
distinctio, distinctiōnis f · 3rd
distinction
generatio, generatiōnis f · 3rd
generation, action ×5
habitudo, habitudinis f · 3rd
relation, disposition
humanitas, humanitātis f · 3rd
human nature, character, feeling
intentio, intentionis f · 3rd
intention, purpose ×7
pars, partis f · 3rd · i-stem
part, region ×14
participatio, participatiōnis f · 3rd
participation, sharing
perfectio, perfectionis f · 3rd
perfection, completion
ratio, ratiōnis f · 3rd
reason, account ×10
universalitas, universalitatis f · 3rd
universality ×4
accidens, accidentis n · 3rd
accident, a non-essential property
animal, animalis n · 3rd · i-stem
animal, living thing, offspring ×21
corpus, corporis n · 3rd
body
genus, generis n · 3rd
birth, descent, origin ×5
tempus, temporis n · 3rd
time, season ×3
actus, actūs m · 4th
act, deed ×11
effectus, effectūs m · 4th
effect ×3
intellectus, intellectūs m · 4th
comprehension, understanding ×9
respectus, respectūs m · 4th
a looking back, regard
sensus, sensūs m · 4th
feeling, sense ×5
domus, domūs f · 4th
house ×2
res, reī f · 5th
res ×4
species, speciēī f · 5th
sight, appearance ×5
Verbs (44)
appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātum 1st conj
call
comparō, comparāre, comparāvī, comparātum 1st conj
prepare ×3
considerō, considerāre, considerāvī, considerātum 1st conj
examine ×8
determino 1st conj
determine, settle
diiudicō, diiudicāre, diiudicāvī, diiudicātum 1st conj
decide, settle
existimō, existimāre, existimāvī, existimātum 1st conj
value, esteem
generō, generāre, generāvī, generātum 1st conj
beget, father ×2
notifico 1st conj
make known
appareō, apparēre, apparuī, apparitum 2nd conj
appear ×2
contineō, continēre, continuī, contentum 2nd conj
secure, maintain ×6
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum 2nd conj
have, hold ×4
oportet, oportēre, oportuit 2nd conj
it is necessary, it behooves ×5
pateō, patēre, patuī 2nd conj
be open, lie open ×2
prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitum 2nd conj
hinder, restrain
removeo 2nd conj
remove, withdraw
respondeō, respondēre, respondī, responsum 2nd conj
answer
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum 2nd conj
see ×2
accipiō, accipere, accepī, acceptum 3rd conj
take, grasp ×2
cadō, cadere, cecidī, casum 3rd conj
fall, sink
cognosco 3rd conj
become acquainted with ×26
componō, componere, composuī, compositum 3rd conj
compare
confundō, confundere, confudī, confusum 3rd conj
to pour together, confuse ×3
consequor, consequī, consecūtus sum 3rd conj
obtain, attain ×2
convertō, convertere, convertī, conversum 3rd conj
turn upside down, side-to-side ×2
deprehendō, deprehendere, deprehendī, deprehensum 3rd conj
seize, catch ×4
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum 3rd conj
say, speak ×15
distinguō, distinguere, distinxī, distinctum 3rd conj
distinguish, separate ×5
intelligō, intelligere, intellēxī, intellēctum 3rd conj
understand
intendō, intendere, intendī, intentum 3rd conj
stretch toward; attend to
occurrō, occurrere, occurrī, occursum 3rd conj
run to meet
ponō, ponere, posuī, positum 3rd conj
put, place, set
procedō, procedere, processī, processum 3rd conj
proceed ×3
sistō, sistere, stitī, statum 3rd conj
stop, check
subsistō, subsistere, substitī 3rd conj
halt, stand ×3
sumō, sumere, sumpsī, sumptum 3rd conj
take up ×3
definiō, definīre, definīvī, definītum 4th conj
define, bound, fix, limit, mark ×4
deveniō, devenīre, devenī, deventum 4th conj
come to, arrive ×2
inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum 4th conj
come upon
perveniō, pervenīre, pervenī, perventum 4th conj
chase through ×2
proveniō, provenīre, provenī, proventum 4th conj
come forth
sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītum 4th conj
know ×6
exeō, exīre, exiī, exitum irreg
come
possum, posse, potuī irreg
be able, can ×5
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus irreg
be ×83
Adjectives (41)
intellectivus, -a, -um 1st
intellective ×3
notus, -a, -um 1st
well known, familiar ×7
perfectus, -a, -um 1st
perfect, complete ×3
proprius, -a, -um 1st
own, very own
sensitivus, -a, -um 1st
of sense, sensitive ×3
tertius, -a, -um 1st
third ×2
tōtus, -a, -um (gen. tōtīus) 1st
whole, all ×9
alius, alia, aliud (gen. usually alterīus) 2nd
other, another ×6
certus, -a, -um 2nd
fixed, settled
completus, -a, -um 1st/2nd
complete, finished
ignotus, -a, -um 2nd
unknown, strange
imperfectus, -a, -um 2nd
unfinished, imperfect ×3
incompletus, -a, -um 1st/2nd
incomplete, unfinished ×2
indistinctus, -a, -um 1st/2nd
undivided, indistinct
individuus, -a, -um 2nd
individual, undivided
manifestus, -a, -um 2nd
detected, plainly guilty ×3
medius, -a, -um 2nd
middle, middle of ×2
multus, -a, -um 2nd
much, many ×2
noster, nostra, nostrum 2nd
our ×8
primus, -a, -um 2nd
first, foremost, best
secundus, -a, -um 2nd
next, following ×2
singuli, -ae, -a 2nd
apiece
ultimus, -a, -um 2nd
last, furthest
ūnus, -a, -um (gen. ūnīus) 2nd
one ×9
communis, -e 3rd
common, joint, public ×12
duplex 3rd
twofold, double
formalis, -e 3rd
formal ×2
integralis, -e 3rd
integral, made of parts
intellectualis, -e 3rd
intellectual
irrationalis, -e 3rd
irrational
materialis, -e 3rd
material, of matter ×2
necesse 3rd
necessary, essential ×3
omnis, -e 3rd
all, every ×4
particularis, -e 3rd
particular ×2
posterior, gen. posteriōris 3rd
coming after, following ×11
prior, prius 3rd
ahead, in front ×16
rationalis, -e 3rd
rational, endowed with reason ×2
sensibilis, -e 3rd
perceptible by sense
simplex, gen. simplicis 3rd
single ×2
singularis, -e 3rd
alone, unique ×7
universalis, -e 3rd
universal ×29
Pronouns (17)
is, ea, id
he, she, it; this, that ×10
nōs, nostrī / nostrum
we ×9
quī, quae, quod
who, which ×33
quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque
whoever, whatever
uterque, utraque, utrumque
each of two, both
hic, haec, hoc
this, this one; (adv.) here ×9
īdem, eadem, idem
the same ×3
ille, illa, illud
that; he, she, it
ipse, ipsa, ipsum
himself, herself, itself; very ×2
suī, sibi, sē
of himself, herself, itself ×3
ūnusquisque, ūnaquaeque, ūnumquodque
each one, every one ×2
aliquī, aliqua, aliquod
anyone, anybody, anything ×2
aliquis, aliqua, aliquid
anyone, anybody, anything ×4
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam
a certain one, someone ×6
quīlibet, quaelibet, quodlibet
any (you please), whatever
quis, quid
who? what?
nihil (indēcl.)
nothing ×2
Indeclinables & other (68)
a + abl
from, by ×7
ab + abl
from, by ×4
ad + acc
to, toward ×16
contra + acc
against, facing
cum + abl
with ×2
de + abl
from, concerning ×7
ex + abl
out of, from ×4
in + abl
in, into, on ×40
inter + acc
between, among ×2
per + acc
through ×11
propter + acc
because of ×2
quoad + acc
as to, in relation to ×7
secundum + acc
according to ×28
sine + abl
without ×2
sub + abl
under, beneath ×3
absolute adv
absolutely, without qualification ×2
adhuc adv
thus far, till now
alioquin adv
otherwise, in other
determinate adv
determinately
distincte adv
distinctly, clearly ×5
dupliciter adv
in two ways ×2
ideo adv
therefore
inde adv
thence, thenceforth
indistincte adv
indistinctly ×3
inquantum adv
in so far as ×2
magis adv
to greater extent, more nearly ×11
manifeste adv
clearly, openly
minus adv
less ×10
non adv
not ×14
praeterea adv
besides, furthermore ×3
primo adv
at first ×2
prius adv
earlier, before ×14
quandoque adv
at some time, sometimes ×3
quantum adv
how much, as far as
quidem adv
indeed, certainly ×4
quodammodo adv
in a certain way ×3
scilicet adv
namely, that is to say ×2
sic adv
so, thus ×12
simpliciter adv
simply, absolutely
simul adv
at same time
solum adv
only, just, merely, barely, alone ×4
tam adv
so, so much ×2
unde adv
from where, whence ×3
aut conj
or, or rather, else ×2
autem conj
but, however ×18
cum conj
when, since ×4
enim conj
namely ×5
ergo conj
therefore ×6
et conj
and ×35
etiam conj
and also, besides, furthermore ×6
igitur conj
therefore, so, then ×3
nam conj
for, on the other hand ×3
neque conj
and not, nor ×2
nisi conj
if not
prout conj
as, just as ×3
quam conj
how, than ×29
quia conj
because, for ×8
quod conj
because, as far as ×27
sed conj
but ×15
si conj
if, if only ×2
sicut conj
as, just as ×8
sive conj
or if
ut conj
that, so that; as ×15
vel conj
or ×5
vero conj
yes ×3
duo, duae, duo num
two
quārtus, -a, -um num
four
septem num
seven