1 Objection 1: It seems that one can in this life see the Divine essence. For Jacob said: I have seen God face to face Gn. 32, 30). But to see Him face to face is to see His essence, as appears from the words: We see now in a glass and in a dark manner, but then face to face 1 Cor. 13, 12).
1 Ad undecimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis in hac vita possit Deum per essentiam videre. Dicit enim Iacob, Gen. XXXII, vidi Deum facie ad faciem. Sed videre facie ad faciem, est videre per essentiam, ut patet per illud quod dicitur I Cor. XIII, videmus nunc per speculum et in aenigmate, tunc autem facie ad faciem. Ergo Deus in hac vita per essentiam videri potest.
2 Objection 2: Further, the Lord said to Moses: I speak to him mouth to mouth, and plainly, and not by riddles and figures doth he see the Lord Num. 12, 8); but this is to see God in His essence. Therefore it is possible to see the essence of God in this life.
2 Praeterea, Num. XII dicit dominus de Moyse, ore ad os loquor ei, et palam, et non per aenigmata et figuras, videt Deum. Sed hoc est videre Deum per essentiam. Ergo aliquis in statu huius vitae potest Deum per essentiam videre.
3 Objection 3: Further, that wherein we know all other things, and whereby we judge of other things, is known in itself to us. But even now we know all things in God; for Augustine says Confess. viii): If we both see that what you say is true, and we both see that what I say is true; where, I ask, do we see this? neither I in thee, nor thou in me; but both of us in the very incommutable truth itself above our minds. He also says De Vera Relig. xxx) that, We judge of all things according to the divine truth; and De Trin. xii) that, it is the duty of reason to judge of these corporeal things according to the incorporeal and eternal ideas; which unless they were above the mind could not be incommutable. Therefore even in this life we see God Himself.
3 Praeterea, illud in quo alia omnia cognoscimus, et per quod de aliis iudicamus, est nobis secundum se notum. Sed omnia etiam nunc in Deo cognoscimus. Dicit enim Augustinus, XII Conf., si ambo videmus verum esse quod dicis, et ambo videmus verum esse quod dico, ubi quaeso illud videmus? Nec ego in te, nec tu in me, sed ambo in ipsa quae supra mentes nostras est, incommutabili veritate. Idem etiam, in libro de vera religione, dicit quod secundum veritatem divinam de omnibus iudicamus. Et XII de Trin. dicit quod rationis est iudicare de istis corporalibus secundum rationes incorporales et sempiternas, quae nisi supra mentem essent, incommutabiles profecto non essent. Ergo et in hac vita ipsum Deum videmus.
4 Objection 4: Further, according to Augustine Gen. ad lit. xii, 24, 25), those things that are in the soul by their essence are seen by intellectual vision. But intellectual vision is of intelligible things, not by similitudes, but by their very essences, as he also says Gen. ad lit. xiii, 24, 25). Therefore since God is in our soul by His essence, it follows that He is seen by us in His essence.
4 Praeterea, secundum Augustinum, XII super Gen. ad Litt., visione intellectuali videntur ea quae sunt in anima per suam essentiam. Sed visio intellectualis est de rebus intelligibilibus, non per aliquas similitudines, sed per suas essentias, ut ipse ibidem dicit. Ergo, cum Deus sit per essentiam suam in anima nostra, per essentiam suam videtur a nobis.
5 On the contrary, It is written, Man shall not see Me, and live Ex. 32, 20), and a gloss upon this says, In this mortal life God can be seen by certain images, but not by the likeness itself of His own nature.
5 Sed contra est quod dicitur Exod. XXXIII, non videbit me homo et vivet. Glossa, quandiu hic mortaliter vivitur, videri per quasdam imagines Deus potest; sed per ipsam naturae suae speciem non potest.
6 I answer that, God cannot be seen in His essence by a mere human being, except he be separated from this mortal life. The reason is because, as was said above Article 4), the mode of knowledge follows the mode of the nature of the knower. But our soul, as long as we live in this life, has its being in corporeal matter; hence naturally it knows only what has a form in matter, or what can be known by such a form. Now it is evident that the Divine essence cannot be known through the nature of material things. For it was shown above Articles 2, 9) that the knowledge of God by means of any created similitude is not the vision of His essence. Hence it is impossible for the soul of man in this life to see the essence of God. This can be seen in the fact that the more our soul is abstracted from corporeal things, the more it is capable of receiving abstract intelligible things. Hence in dreams and alienations of the bodily senses divine revelations and foresight of future events are perceived the more clearly. It is not possible, therefore, that the soul in this mortal life should be raised up to the supreme of intelligible objects, that is, to the divine essence.
6 Respondeo dicendum quod ab homine puro Deus videri per essentiam non potest, nisi ab hac vita mortali separetur. Cuius ratio est quia, sicut supra dictum est, modus cognitionis sequitur modum naturae rei cognoscentis. Anima autem nostra, quandiu in hac vita vivimus, habet esse in materia corporali, unde naturaliter non cognoscit aliqua nisi quae habent formam in materia, vel quae per huiusmodi cognosci possunt. Manifestum est autem quod per naturas rerum materialium divina essentia cognosci non potest. Ostensum est enim supra quod cognitio Dei per quamcumque similitudinem creatam, non est visio essentiae ipsius. Unde impossibile est animae hominis secundum hanc vitam viventis, essentiam Dei videre. Et huius signum est, quod anima nostra, quanto magis a corporalibus abstrahitur, tanto intelligibilium abstractorum fit capacior. Unde in somniis et alienationibus a sensibus corporis, magis divinae revelationes percipiuntur, et praevisiones futurorum. Quod ergo anima elevetur usque ad supremum intelligibilium, quod est essentia divina, esse non potest quandiu hac mortali vita utitur.
7 Reply to Objection 1: According to Dionysius Coel. Hier. iv) a man is said in the Scriptures to see God in the sense that certain figures are formed in the senses or imagination, according to some similitude representing in part the divinity. So when Jacob says, I have seen God face to face, this does not mean the Divine essence, but some figure representing God. And this is to be referred to some high mode of prophecy, so that God seems to speak, though in an imaginary vision; as will later be explained SS, Question 174) in treating of the degrees of prophecy. We may also say that Jacob spoke thus to designate some exalted intellectual contemplation, above the ordinary state.
7 Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, secundum Dionysium, IV cap. Cael. Hier., sic in Scripturis dicitur aliquis Deum vidisse, inquantum formatae sunt aliquae figurae, vel sensibiles vel imaginariae, secundum aliquam similitudinem aliquod divinum repraesentantes. Quod ergo dicit Iacob, vidi Deum facie ad faciem, referendum est, non ad ipsam divinam essentiam, sed ad figuram in qua repraesentabatur Deus. Et hoc ipsum ad quandam prophetiae eminentiam pertinet, ut videatur persona Dei loquentis, licet imaginaria visione, ut infra patebit, cum de gradibus prophetiae loquemur. Vel hoc dicit Iacob ad designandam quandam eminentiam intelligibilis contemplationis, supra communem statum.
8 Reply to Objection 2: As God works miracles in corporeal things, so also He does supernatural wonders above the common order, raising the minds of some living in the flesh beyond the use of sense, even up to the vision of His own essence; as Augustine says Gen. ad lit. xii, 26, 27, 28) of Moses, the teacher of the Jews; and of Paul, the teacher of the Gentiles. This will be treated more fully in the question of rapture SS, Question 175).
8 Ad secundum dicendum quod, sicut Deus miraculose aliquid supernaturaliter in rebus corporeis operatur, ita etiam et supernaturaliter, et praeter communem ordinem, mentes aliquorum in hac carne viventium, sed non sensibus carnis utentium, usque ad visionem suae essentiae elevavit; ut dicit Augustinus, XII super Genes. ad Litt., et in libro de videndo Deum de Moyse, qui fuit magister Iudaeorum, et Paulo, qui fuit magister gentium. Et de hoc plenius tractabitur, cum de raptu agemus.
9 Reply to Objection 3: All things are said to be seen in God and all things are judged in Him, because by the participation of His light, we know and judge all things; for the light of natural reason itself is a participation of the divine light; as likewise we are said to see and judge of sensible things in the sun, that is, by the sun's light. Hence Augustine says Soliloq. i, 8), The lessons of instruction can only be seen as it were by their own sun, namely God. As therefore in order to see a sensible object, it is not necessary to see the substance of the sun, so in like manner to see any intelligible object, it is not necessary to see the essence of God.
9 Ad tertium dicendum quod omnia dicimur in Deo videre, et secundum ipsum de omnibus iudicare, inquantum per participationem sui luminis omnia cognoscimus et diiudicamus, nam et ipsum lumen naturale rationis participatio quaedam est divini luminis; sicut etiam omnia sensibilia dicimus videre et iudicare in sole, idest per lumen solis. Unde dicit Augustinus, I Soliloquiorum, disciplinarum spectamina videri non possunt, nisi aliquo velut suo sole illustrentur, videlicet Deo. Sicut ergo ad videndum aliquid sensibiliter, non est necesse quod videatur substantia solis, ita ad videndum aliquid intelligibiliter, non est necessarium quod videatur essentia Dei.
10 Reply to Objection 4: Intellectual vision is of the things which are in the soul by their essence, as intelligible things are in the intellect. And thus God is in the souls of the blessed; not thus is He in our soul, but by presence, essence and power.
10 Ad quartum dicendum quod visio intellectualis est eorum quae sunt in anima per suam essentiam sicut intelligibilia in intellectu. Sic autem Deus est in anima beatorum, non autem in anima nostra; sed per praesentiam, essentiam, et potentiam.