Sacra Latina

Douay-Rheims & Vulgata Clementina

Sacra Latina
← Prev Next →
Douay-Rheims
Vulgata

1 Objection 1: It seems that goodness is prior in idea to being. For names are arranged according to the arrangement of the things signified by the names. But Dionysius Div. Nom. iii) assigned the first place, amongst the other names of God, to His goodness rather than to His being. Therefore in idea goodness is prior to being.

1 Ad secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod bonum secundum rationem sit prius quam ens. Ordo enim nominum est secundum ordinem rerum significatarum per nomina. Sed Dionysius, inter alia nomina Dei, prius ponit bonum quam ens, ut patet, in III cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo bonum secundum rationem est prius quam ens.

2 Objection 2: Further, that which is the more extensive is prior in idea. But goodness is more extensive than being, because, as Dionysius notes Div. Nom. v), goodness extends to things both existing and non-existing; whereas existence extends to existing things alone. Therefore goodness is in idea prior to being.

2 Praeterea, illud est prius secundum rationem, quod ad plura se extendit. Sed bonum ad plura se extendit quam ens, quia, ut dicit Dionysius, V cap. de Div. Nom., bonum se extendit ad existentia et non existentia, ens vero ad existentia tantum. Ergo bonum est prius secundum rationem quam ens.

3 Objection 3: Further, what is the more universal is prior in idea. But goodness seems to be more universal than being, since goodness has the aspect of desirable; whereas to some non-existence is desirable; for it is said of Judas: It were better for him, if that man had not been born Mt. 26, 24). Therefore in idea goodness is prior to being.

3 Praeterea, quod est universalius, est prius secundum rationem. Sed bonum videtur universalius esse quam ens, quia bonum habet rationem appetibilis; quibusdam autem appetibile est ipsum non esse; dicitur enim, Matth. XXVI, de Iuda, bonum erat ei, si natus non fuisset et cetera. Ergo bonum est prius quam ens, secundum rationem.

4 Objection 4: Further, not only is existence desirable, but life, knowledge, and many other things besides. Thus it seems that existence is a particular appetible, and goodness a universal appetible. Therefore, absolutely, goodness is prior in idea to being.

4 Praeterea, non solum esse est appetibile, sed et vita et sapientia, et multa huiusmodi, et sic videtur quod esse sit quoddam particulare appetibile, et bonum, universale. Bonum ergo simpliciter est prius secundum rationem quam ens.

5 On the contrary, It is said by Aristotle De Causis) that the first of created things is being.

5 Sed contra est quod dicitur in libro de causis, quod prima rerum creatarum est esse.

6 I answer that, In idea being is prior to goodness. For the meaning signified by the name of a thing is that which the mind conceives of the thing and intends by the word that stands for it. Therefore, that is prior in idea, which is first conceived by the intellect. Now the first thing conceived by the intellect is being; because everything is knowable only inasmuch as it is in actuality. Hence, being is the proper object of the intellect, and is primarily intelligible; as sound is that which is primarily audible. Therefore in idea being is prior to goodness.

6 Respondeo dicendum quod ens secundum rationem est prius quam bonum. Ratio enim significata per nomen, est id quod concipit intellectus de re, et significat illud per vocem, illud ergo est prius secundum rationem, quod prius cadit in conceptione intellectus. Primo autem in conceptione intellectus cadit ens, quia secundum hoc unumquodque cognoscibile est, inquantum est actu, ut dicitur in IX Metaphys. Unde ens est proprium obiectum intellectus, et sic est primum intelligibile, sicut sonus est primum audibile. Ita ergo secundum rationem prius est ens quam bonum.

7 Reply to Objection 1: Dionysius discusses the Divine Names Div. Nom. i, iii) as implying some causal relation in God; for we name God, as he says, from creatures, as a cause from its effects. But goodness, since it has the aspect of desirable, implies the idea of a final cause, the causality of which is first among causes, since an agent does not act except for some end; and by an agent matter is moved to its form. Hence the end is called the cause of causes.

Thus goodness, as a cause, is prior to being, as is the end to the form. Therefore among the names signifying the divine causality, goodness precedes being. Again, according to the Platonists, who, through not distinguishing primary matter from privation, said that matter was non-being, goodness is more extensively participated than being; for primary matter participates in goodness as tending to it, for all seek their like; but it does not participate in being, since it is presumed to be non-being.

Therefore Dionysius says that goodness extends to non-existence Div. Nom. v). Reply to Objection 2: The same solution is applied to this objection. Or it may be said that goodness extends to existing and non-existing things, not so far as it can be predicated of them, but so far as it can cause them, if, indeed, by non-existence we understand not simply those things which do not exist, but those which are potential, and not actual. For goodness has the aspect of the end, in which not only actual things find their completion, but also towards which tend even those things which are not actual, but merely potential.

Now being implies the habitude of a formal cause only, either inherent or exemplar; and its causality does not extend save to those things which are actual.

7 Ad primum ergo dicendum quod Dionysius determinat de divinis nominibus secundum quod important circa Deum habitudinem causae, nominamus enim Deum, ut ipse dicit, ex creaturis, sicut causam ex effectibus. Bonum autem, cum habeat rationem appetibilis, importat habitudinem causae finalis, cuius causalitas prima est, quia agens non agit nisi propter finem, et ab agente materia movetur ad formam, unde dicitur quod finis est causa causarum. Et sic, in causando, bonum est prius quam ens, sicut finis quam forma, et hac ratione, inter nomina significantia causalitatem divinam, prius ponitur bonum quam ens. Et iterum quia, secundum Platonicos, qui, materiam a privatione non distinguentes, dicebant materiam esse non ens, ad plura se extendit participatio boni quam participatio entis. Nam materia prima participat bonum, cum appetat ipsum nihil autem appetit nisi simile sibi), non autem participat ens, cum ponatur non ens. Et ideo dicit Dionysius quod bonum extenditur ad non existentia. Unde patet solutio ad secundum. Vel dicendum quod bonum extenditur ad existentia et non existentia, non secundum praedicationem, sed secundum causalitatem, ut per non existentia intelligamus, non ea simpliciter quae penitus non sunt, sed ea quae sunt in potentia et non in actu, quia bonum habet rationem finis, in quo non solum quiescunt quae sunt in actu, sed ad ipsum etiam ea moventur quae in actu non sunt sed in potentia tantum. Ens autem non importat habitudinem causae nisi formalis tantum, vel inhaerentis vel exemplaris, cuius causalitas non se extendit nisi ad ea quae sunt in actu.

8 Reply to Objection 3: Non-being is desirable, not of itself, but only relatively, that is, inasmuch as the removal of an evil, which can only be removed by non-being, is desirable. Now the removal of an evil cannot be desirable, except so far as this evil deprives a thing of some being. Therefore being is desirable of itself; and non-being only relatively, inasmuch as one seeks some mode of being of which one cannot bear to be deprived; thus even non-being can be spoken of as relatively good.

8 Ad tertium dicendum quod non esse secundum se non est appetibile, sed per accidens, inquantum scilicet ablatio alicuius mali est appetibilis, quod malum quidem aufertur per non esse. Ablatio vero mali non est appetibilis, nisi inquantum per malum privatur quodam esse. Illud igitur quod per se est appetibile, est esse, non esse vero per accidens tantum, inquantum scilicet quoddam esse appetitur, quo homo non sustinet privari. Et sic etiam per accidens non esse dicitur bonum.

9 Reply to Objection 4: Life, wisdom, and the like, are desirable only so far as they are actual. Hence, in each one of them some sort of being is desired. And thus nothing can be desired except being; and consequently nothing is good except being.

9 Ad quartum dicendum quod vita et scientia, et alia huiusmodi, sic appetuntur ut sunt in actu, unde in omnibus appetitur quoddam esse. Et sic nihil est appetibile nisi ens, et per consequens nihil est bonum nisi ens.

Word list
I q. 5 a. 2: Whether goodness is prior in idea to being? · 151 unique words
Study these words
Nouns (39)
iudas, Iūdae m · 1st
Judah
causa, causae f · 1st
cause, reason ×7
creatura, creaturae f · 1st
creation
existentia, existentiae f · 1st
existence ×7
forma, formae f · 1st
form, figure ×2
materia, materiae f · 1st
matter, material ×4
metaphysica, metaphysicae f · 1st
the Metaphysics
potentia, potentiae f · 1st
force, power ×2
sapientia, sapientiae f · 1st
wisdom
scientia, scientiae f · 1st
knowledge, science
vita, vitae f · 1st
life, career ×2
deus, deī m · 2nd
God, god ×3
dionysius, dionysiī m · 2nd
Dionysius ×4
liber, librī m · 2nd
book
matthaeus, matthaeī m · 2nd
Matthew
platonicus, platonicī m · 2nd
Platonist, Platonic
sonus, sonī m · 2nd
noise, sound
malum, malī n · 2nd
evil ×4
obiectum, obiectī n · 2nd
object
finis, fīnis m · 3rd · i-stem
end, boundary ×4
homo, hominis m · 3rd
man, human being
ordo, ordinis m · 3rd
row, order, rank ×2
ablatio f · 3rd
removal, taking away ×2
causalitas, causalitatis f · 3rd
causality ×4
conceptio, conceptionis f · 3rd
a conceiving, conception ×2
habitudo, habitudinis f · 3rd
relation, disposition ×3
participatio, participatiōnis f · 3rd
participation, sharing ×2
praedicatio, praedicatiōnis f · 3rd
announcement, statement
privatio, privationis f · 3rd
privation
ratio, ratiōnis f · 3rd
reason, account ×15
solutio, solutiōnis f · 3rd
loosing, relaxation
vox, vōcis f · 3rd
voice
caput, capitis n · 3rd
head ×2
ens, entis n · 3rd
being, a thing that is ×22
nomen, nōminis n · 3rd
name ×8
actus, actūs m · 4th
act, deed ×6
effectus, effectūs m · 4th
effect
intellectus, intellectūs m · 4th
comprehension, understanding ×4
res, reī f · 5th
res ×3
Verbs (31)
causo 1st conj
cause
creō, creāre, creāvī, creātum 1st conj
create
determino 1st conj
determine, settle
importo 1st conj
imply, bring in ×3
nominō, nomināre, nomināvī, nominātum 1st conj
name, call
participō, participāre, participāvī, participātum 1st conj
share ×2
privō, privāre, privāvī, privātum 1st conj
deprive, rob ×2
significō, significāre, significāvī, significātum 1st conj
signify, indicate ×4
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum 2nd conj
have, hold ×3
inhaereo 2nd conj
to stick in, cling to, inhere
moveō, movēre, movī, motum 2nd conj
move, stir ×2
pateō, patēre, patuī 2nd conj
be open, lie open ×2
respondeō, respondēre, respondī, responsum 2nd conj
answer
sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentum 2nd conj
support
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum 2nd conj
see ×3
accidō, accidere, accidī 3rd conj
fall upon ×3
agō, agere, ēgī, āctum 3rd conj
do, drive, deal ×3
appeto 3rd conj
seek, desire ×5
cadō, cadere, cecidī, casum 3rd conj
fall, sink ×2
concipiō, concipere, concepī, conceptum 3rd conj
take in
consequor, consequī, consecūtus sum 3rd conj
obtain, attain
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum 3rd conj
say, speak ×14
distinguō, distinguere, distinxī, distinctum 3rd conj
distinguish, separate
extendō, extendere, extendī, extentum 3rd conj
stretch ×7
intelligō, intelligere, intellēxī, intellēctum 3rd conj
understand
nascor, nascī, natus sum 3rd conj
be produced spontaneously, come into existence, being
ponō, ponere, posuī, positum 3rd conj
put, place, set ×3
procedō, procedere, processī, processum 3rd conj
proceed
quiescō, quiescere, quiēvī, quietum 3rd conj
rest, keep quiet, calm
auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum irreg
bear
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus irreg
be ×55
Adjectives (21)
bonus, -a, -um 1st
good ×24
proprius, -a, -um 1st
own, very own
tertius, -a, -um 1st
third
alius, alia, aliud (gen. usually alterīus) 2nd
other, another ×2
ceterus, -a, -um 2nd
the other, the rest
divinus, -a, -um 2nd
divine, of a deity, god ×4
multus, -a, -um 2nd
much, many ×4
primus, -a, -um 2nd
first, foremost, best ×7
secundus, -a, -um 2nd
next, following ×2
appetibilis, -e 3rd
desirable ×10
audibilis, -e 3rd
audible
cognoscibilis, -e 3rd
knowable
exemplaris, -e 3rd
serving as a pattern, exemplar
finalis, -e 3rd
final
formalis, -e 3rd
formal
intelligibilis, -e 3rd
intelligible
omnis, -e 3rd
all, every
particularis, -e 3rd
particular
similis, -e 3rd
like, similar
universalis, -e 3rd
universal ×3
huiusmodi adj
such a one ×2
Pronouns (10)
is, ea, id
he, she, it; this, that ×6
quī, quae, quod
who, which ×16
hic, haec, hoc
this, this one; (adv.) here ×2
ille, illa, illud
that; he, she, it ×4
ipse, ipsa, ipsum
himself, herself, itself; very ×4
suī, sibi, sē
of himself, herself, itself ×8
ūnusquisque, ūnaquaeque, ūnumquodque
each one, every one
aliquī, aliqua, aliquod
anyone, anybody, anything
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam
a certain one, someone ×5
nihil (indēcl.)
nothing ×3
Indeclinables & other (50)
a + abl
from, by
ab + abl
from, by
ad + acc
to, toward ×15
circa + acc
around, on bounds of
contra + acc
against, facing
de + abl
from, concerning ×6
ex + abl
out of, from ×2
in + abl
in, into, on ×15
inter + acc
between, among ×2
per + acc
through ×11
propter + acc
because of
secundum + acc
according to ×17
ideo adv
therefore
inquantum adv
in so far as ×4
ita adv
thus, so
iterum adv
again
non adv
not ×27
penitus adv
utterly, thoroughly
praeterea adv
besides, furthermore ×3
prius adv
earlier, before ×14
quidem adv
indeed, certainly
scilicet adv
namely, that is to say ×2
sic adv
so, thus ×7
simpliciter adv
simply, absolutely ×2
solum adv
only, just, merely, barely, alone ×2
tantum adv
so much, so far ×4
unde adv
from where, whence ×4
autem conj
but, however ×6
cum conj
when, since ×3
enim conj
namely ×4
ergo conj
therefore ×7
et conj
and ×21
etiam conj
and also, besides, furthermore ×2
igitur conj
therefore, so, then
nam conj
for, on the other hand
nisi conj
if not ×7
quam conj
how, than ×14
quia conj
because, for ×6
quod conj
because, as far as ×12
sed conj
but ×10
si conj
if, if only
sicut conj
as, just as ×3
ut conj
that, so that; as ×6
vel conj
or ×3
vero conj
yes ×3
novem num
nine
quārtus, -a, -um num
four
quinque num
five
trēs, tria num
three
viginti num
twenty