Personal endings for the finite system (indicative and subjunctive, active and passive), then imperatives, infinitives, and participles, and the irregular sum in full. Future is split for conjugations 1–2 vs 3–4; present subjunctive is split by conjugation (1st / 2nd / 3rd / 3rd-io & 4th). Passive perfect forms use the fourth principal part + a form of sum.
Indicative
Active
| Person | Present | Imperfect | Future 1·2 | Future 3·4 | Perfect | Pluperfect | Fut. Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | -ō/-m | -bam | -bō | -am | -ī | -eram | -erō |
| 2 sg | -s | -bās | -bis | -ēs | -istī | -erās | -eris |
| 3 sg | -t | -bat | -bit | -et | -it | -erat | -erit |
| 1 pl | -mus | -bāmus | -bimus | -ēmus | -imus | -erāmus | -erimus |
| 2 pl | -tis | -bātis | -bitis | -ētis | -istis | -erātis | -eritis |
| 3 pl | -nt | -bant | -bunt | -ent | -ērunt/-ēre | -erant | -erint |
Passive
| Person | Present | Imperfect | Future 1·2 | Future 3·4 | Perfect | Pluperfect | Fut. Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | -or | -bar | -bor | -ar | 4pp + sum | 4pp + eram | 4pp + erō |
| 2 sg | -ris | -bāris | -beris | -ēris | 4pp + es | 4pp + erās | 4pp + eris |
| 3 sg | -tur | -bātur | -bitur | -ētur | 4pp + est | 4pp + erat | 4pp + erit |
| 1 pl | -mur | -bāmur | -bimur | -ēmur | 4pp + sumus | 4pp + erāmus | 4pp + erimus |
| 2 pl | -minī | -bāminī | -biminī | -ēminī | 4pp + estis | 4pp + erātis | 4pp + eritis |
| 3 pl | -ntur | -bantur | -buntur | -entur | 4pp + sunt | 4pp + erant | 4pp + erunt |
Deponent verbs (meditor, loquor, sequor) have no active finite forms: they use this table throughout, with active meaning (meditātī sunt = “they devised”). Their present/future participles, gerund and supine are still active in form. Semi-deponents (gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum) are active through the present system and use this table only for the perfect. A three-part “... + sum” entry is not a reliable tell either way: fīō, fierī, factus sum has that shape but stays passive (factum est = “it was done”), since fiō is faciō's own suppletive passive.
Indicative · present by conjugation
Active
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 3rd-io | 4th |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | -ō | -eō | -ō | -iō | -iō |
| 2 sg | -ās | -ēs | -is | -is | -īs |
| 3 sg | -at | -et | -it | -it | -it |
| 1 pl | -āmus | -ēmus | -imus | -imus | -īmus |
| 2 pl | -ātis | -ētis | -itis | -itis | -ītis |
| 3 pl | -ant | -ent | -unt | -iunt | -iunt |
Passive
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 3rd-io | 4th |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | -or | -eor | -or | -ior | -ior |
| 2 sg | -āris | -ēris | -eris | -eris | -īris |
| 3 sg | -ātur | -ētur | -itur | -itur | -ītur |
| 1 pl | -āmur | -ēmur | -imur | -imur | -īmur |
| 2 pl | -āminī | -ēminī | -iminī | -iminī | -īminī |
| 3 pl | -antur | -entur | -untur | -iuntur | -iuntur |
Indicative · imperfect by conjugation
Active
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 3rd-io | 4th |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | -ābam | -ēbam | -ēbam | -iēbam | -iēbam |
| 2 sg | -ābās | -ēbās | -ēbās | -iēbās | -iēbās |
| 3 sg | -ābat | -ēbat | -ēbat | -iēbat | -iēbat |
| 1 pl | -ābāmus | -ēbāmus | -ēbāmus | -iēbāmus | -iēbāmus |
| 2 pl | -ābātis | -ēbātis | -ēbātis | -iēbātis | -iēbātis |
| 3 pl | -ābant | -ēbant | -ēbant | -iēbant | -iēbant |
Passive
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 3rd-io | 4th |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | -ābar | -ēbar | -ēbar | -iēbar | -iēbar |
| 2 sg | -ābāris | -ēbāris | -ēbāris | -iēbāris | -iēbāris |
| 3 sg | -ābātur | -ēbātur | -ēbātur | -iēbātur | -iēbātur |
| 1 pl | -ābāmur | -ēbāmur | -ēbāmur | -iēbāmur | -iēbāmur |
| 2 pl | -ābāminī | -ēbāminī | -ēbāminī | -iēbāminī | -iēbāminī |
| 3 pl | -ābantur | -ēbantur | -ēbantur | -iēbantur | -iēbantur |
sum · full forms
| Person | Present | Imperfect | Future | Perfect | Pluperfect | Fut. Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | sum | eram | erō | fuī | fueram | fuerō |
| 2 sg | es | erās | eris | fuistī | fuerās | fueris |
| 3 sg | est | erat | erit | fuit | fuerat | fuerit |
| 1 pl | sumus | erāmus | erimus | fuimus | fuerāmus | fuerimus |
| 2 pl | estis | erātis | eritis | fuistis | fuerātis | fueritis |
| 3 pl | sunt | erant | erunt | fuērunt | fuerant | fuerint |
Full forms of sum (no passive). One future column: sum does not follow the 1·2 / 3·4 split.
Subjunctive
Active
| Person | Present 1 | Present 2 | Present 3 | Present 3-io·4 | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | -em | -eam | -am | -iam | -rem | -erim | -issem |
| 2 sg | -ēs | -eās | -ās | -iās | -rēs | -erīs | -issēs |
| 3 sg | -et | -eat | -at | -iat | -ret | -erit | -isset |
| 1 pl | -ēmus | -eāmus | -āmus | -iāmus | -rēmus | -erīmus | -issēmus |
| 2 pl | -ētis | -eātis | -ātis | -iātis | -rētis | -erītis | -issētis |
| 3 pl | -ent | -eant | -ant | -iant | -rent | -erint | -issent |
Passive
| Person | Present 1 | Present 2 | Present 3 | Present 3-io·4 | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | -er | -ear | -ar | -iar | -rer | 4pp + sim | 4pp + essem |
| 2 sg | -ēris | -eāris | -āris | -iāris | -rēris | 4pp + sīs | 4pp + essēs |
| 3 sg | -ētur | -eātur | -ātur | -iātur | -rētur | 4pp + sit | 4pp + esset |
| 1 pl | -ēmur | -eāmur | -āmur | -iāmur | -rēmur | 4pp + sīmus | 4pp + essēmus |
| 2 pl | -ēminī | -eāminī | -āminī | -iāminī | -rēminī | 4pp + sītis | 4pp + essētis |
| 3 pl | -entur | -eantur | -antur | -iantur | -rentur | 4pp + sint | 4pp + essent |
Deponent verbs have no active finite forms: they use this table throughout, with active meaning (meditātī sint, subjunctive of meditātī sunt above). Same caveats as the indicative table: semi-deponents (gaudeō) use it only for the perfect, and fīō, fierī, factus sum has the deponent shape but stays passive.
Imperative
| Voice | 2 sg | 2 pl |
|---|---|---|
| Active | (stem) | -te |
| Passive | -re | -minī |
2 sg active = the bare present stem: laudā, docē, mitte, audī.
Irregular: dīc, dūc, fac, fer.
Deponents use the passive forms with active meaning: cōnfitēre, cōnfitēminī.
Future imperative: -tō / -tōte (estō).
Infinitives
| Voice | Present | Perfect | Future |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active | -re | -isse | -ūrum esse |
| Passive | -rī / -ī | 4pp + esse | supine + īrī |
Present passive: -rī in the 1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugations, bare -ī in the 3rd (dūcī, mittī).
The future passive (supine + īrī) is rare; the supine is the 4pp stem + -um, invariable.
Participles
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Present | -ns (gen. -ntis) | – |
| Perfect | – | -us, -a, -um |
| Future | -ūrus, -a, -um | -ndus, -a, -um |
Present declines like a 3rd-declension adjective (gen. -ntis); perfect and future like bonus.
The perfect passive participle is the 4pp (laudātus); deponents use it with active meaning
(locūtus, “having spoken”). Future passive -ndus = gerundive: obligation
(laudandus, “to be praised”). Related gerund (verbal noun): -ndī, -ndō, -ndum
(ad adiuvandum mē festīnā).
Irregular · sum, esse, fuī
“To be”: the most common verb in the corpus, and the auxiliary of every passive perfect form above.
Full forms, not endings.
Subjunctive
| Person | Present | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | sim | essem | fuerim | fuissem |
| 2 sg | sīs | essēs | fuerīs | fuissēs |
| 3 sg | sit | esset | fuerit | fuisset |
| 1 pl | sīmus | essēmus | fuerīmus | fuissēmus |
| 2 pl | sītis | essētis | fuerītis | fuissētis |
| 3 pl | sint | essent | fuerint | fuissent |
Imperative: es, este (future estō, estōte). Infinitives: esse, fuisse, futūrum esse
(or fore). Future participle: futūrus. Compounds conjugate the same way:
possum (pot-), adsum, prōsum.
4pp = fourth principal part (perfect passive participle), declined to agree with the subject.
Present 1 sg active -ō/-m: -ō regular; -m in some irregulars (e.g. sum → sum).